{"id":27,"ordinal":0,"featured":0,"title":"Downtown: Public Square and the Mall","creator":null,"description":"<p>This tour features historic sites in or near Downtown Cleveland's Public Square and Mall. Many of the sites in this tour reflect Cleveland's two-century struggle to find a city center that speaks most meaningfully to its identity. \r\nPublic Square, surveyed and laid out by New Englander Moses Cleaveland in 1796, is the traditional center of Downtown Cleveland. Edifices like Soldiers and Sailors Monument and Old Stone Church are nineteenth-century testaments to the Square as city center.\r\nThe Mall, designed in the first decade of the twentieth century during the mayoral administration of noted Progressive Tom L. Johnson, challenged Public Square for the title of city center.  The Daniel Burnham-designed Group Plan, an expression of the national \"City Beautiful Movement,\" surrounded the Mall with civic buildings such as Cleveland City Hall, Cuyahoga County Courthouse, and Cleveland Public Library. The construction of the Terminal Tower and the relocation of Higbee's Department Store to Public Square in the 1930s marked a resurgence of the Square as city center. \r\nIn 1990, Key Tower surpassed the Terminal Tower as Cleveland's tallest building. Although it technically fronts the Mall, Key Tower nonetheless reinforced the importance of Public Square as a business hub. More recently, despite a redesign of the Mall and the opening of new hotels and exhibition venues on its flanks, the 2016 dedication of a completely redesigned Public Square returned Cleveland's historic heart to a position of centrality. Both the Public Square and Mall renovations reflected decades of ideas but were catalyzed by Mayor Frank Jackson's embrace of a Group Plan Commission that drew inspiration from the age of Daniel Burnham and Tom Johnson.</p>","postscript_text":"","tour_img":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/files/fullsize/1310959b1a93a8e6400ea5b6dfba963f.jpg","items":[{"id":22,"title":"Public Square","latitude":41.49967461589999828674990567378699779510498046875,"longitude":-81.693606376599973373231478035449981689453125,"thumbnail":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/files/square_thumbnails/1310959b1a93a8e6400ea5b6dfba963f.jpg","fullsize":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/files/fullsize/1310959b1a93a8e6400ea5b6dfba963f.jpg","subtitle":"Two Centuries of Transformation","address":"Public Square, Cleveland, OH","custom":{"subtitle":null,"text":null}},{"id":165,"title":"Old Stone Church","latitude":41.5004186452973300447411020286381244659423828125,"longitude":-81.6947543621063232421875,"thumbnail":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/files/square_thumbnails/6d962aab5545968b53232fc23c08fb14.jpg","fullsize":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/files/fullsize/6d962aab5545968b53232fc23c08fb14.jpg","subtitle":"The Oldest Structure on Public Square","address":"91 Public Square, Cleveland, OH","custom":{"subtitle":null,"text":null}},{"id":332,"title":"Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument","latitude":41.4995187277405221948356484062969684600830078125,"longitude":-81.692927777767181396484375,"thumbnail":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/files/square_thumbnails/133fa52b669574df39d016d55aa6d0d1.jpg","fullsize":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/files/fullsize/133fa52b669574df39d016d55aa6d0d1.jpg","subtitle":"A Memorial to Cuyahoga County's Civil War Veterans","address":"3 Public Square, Cleveland, OH 44114","custom":{"subtitle":null,"text":null}},{"id":329,"title":"Tom L. Johnson","latitude":41.5001936545129268552045687101781368255615234375,"longitude":-81.69416964054107666015625,"thumbnail":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/files/square_thumbnails/33b2bbdd3a455bfaafb47417357d8ec6.jpg","fullsize":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/files/fullsize/33b2bbdd3a455bfaafb47417357d8ec6.jpg","subtitle":"A Pillar of Progressivism","address":"116 Rockwell Ave, Cleveland, OH","custom":{"subtitle":null,"text":null}},{"id":305,"title":"Society for Savings Building","latitude":41.50065870425100200691304053179919719696044921875,"longitude":-81.69419031326600588727160356938838958740234375,"thumbnail":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/files/square_thumbnails/a6b8cacafa92572cee6cb4cbe4fb47b3.jpg","fullsize":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/files/fullsize/a6b8cacafa92572cee6cb4cbe4fb47b3.jpg","subtitle":"Cleveland's First Skyscraper","address":"127 Public Square, Cleveland, OH","custom":{"subtitle":null,"text":null}},{"id":21,"title":"Terminal Tower","latitude":41.4983407152000012274584150873124599456787109375,"longitude":-81.69392824170000722006079740822315216064453125,"thumbnail":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/files/square_thumbnails/1dc25e5ec5be8090d9d137bf06dfe245.jpg","fullsize":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/files/fullsize/1dc25e5ec5be8090d9d137bf06dfe245.jpg","subtitle":"Cleveland's Signature Skyscraper","address":"50 Public Square, Cleveland, OH","custom":{"subtitle":null,"text":null}},{"id":306,"title":"200 Public Square","latitude":41.49983499999999736473910161294043064117431640625,"longitude":-81.6923080000000254585756920278072357177734375,"thumbnail":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/files/square_thumbnails/12b68501b5d5b725598f95013f363145.jpg","fullsize":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/files/fullsize/12b68501b5d5b725598f95013f363145.jpg","subtitle":"Built as the Standard Oil of Ohio Headquarters","address":"200 Public Square, Cleveland, OH","custom":{"subtitle":null,"text":null}},{"id":961,"title":"Key Tower","latitude":41.50092964266847417320605018176138401031494140625,"longitude":-81.6937887668609619140625,"thumbnail":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/files/square_thumbnails/b0ef2a95e15de459bed82752f7e2daee.jpg","fullsize":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/files/fullsize/b0ef2a95e15de459bed82752f7e2daee.jpg","subtitle":"Cesar Pelli's Nod to Art Deco-Era Manhattan","address":"127 Public Square, Cleveland, OH","custom":{"subtitle":null,"text":null}},{"id":241,"title":"The May Company","latitude":41.4993129676769996194707346148788928985595703125,"longitude":-81.69217407703399658203125,"thumbnail":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/files/square_thumbnails/5311ab18b650cdbfded0d81e2f761acc.jpg","fullsize":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/files/fullsize/5311ab18b650cdbfded0d81e2f761acc.jpg","subtitle":"Ohio's Largest Store","address":"200 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH","custom":{"subtitle":null,"text":null}},{"id":56,"title":"Group Plan","latitude":41.50399816298774879896882339380681514739990234375,"longitude":-81.69493469226608794997446238994598388671875,"thumbnail":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/files/square_thumbnails/groupplan-cpl-mall_2-nd_mallscene_bdf3208e53.jpg","fullsize":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/files/fullsize/groupplan-cpl-mall_2-nd_mallscene_bdf3208e53.jpg","subtitle":"The New City Center That Wasn't","address":"The Mall, Downtown Cleveland, OH","custom":{"subtitle":null,"text":null}},{"id":312,"title":"The Mall","latitude":41.5024668279209976162746897898614406585693359375,"longitude":-81.6936492919929833078640513122081756591796875,"thumbnail":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/files/square_thumbnails/16923317e3bc00737938ef1e6b6614cc.jpg","fullsize":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/files/fullsize/16923317e3bc00737938ef1e6b6614cc.jpg","subtitle":"Bringing the \"City Beautiful\" to Cleveland","address":"W Mall Dr, Cleveland, OH","custom":{"subtitle":null,"text":null}},{"id":791,"title":"Cuyahoga County Courthouse","latitude":41.50332562668594249544185004197061061859130859375,"longitude":-81.6969859600067138671875,"thumbnail":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/files/square_thumbnails/43beba243d36a5c4550ed15eae0d1a02.jpg","fullsize":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/files/fullsize/43beba243d36a5c4550ed15eae0d1a02.jpg","subtitle":null,"address":"1 Lakeside Ave E, Cleveland, OH","custom":{"subtitle":null,"text":null}},{"id":405,"title":"Cleveland City Hall","latitude":41.50510711466213109588352381251752376556396484375,"longitude":-81.693651974201202392578125,"thumbnail":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/files/square_thumbnails/9896e9826c5a65120e337c775f12bc50.jpg","fullsize":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/files/fullsize/9896e9826c5a65120e337c775f12bc50.jpg","subtitle":null,"address":"601 Lakeside Ave NE, Cleveland, OH","custom":{"subtitle":null,"text":null}},{"id":802,"title":"Howard M. Metzenbaum United States Courthouse","latitude":41.50068710000000038462530937977135181427001953125,"longitude":-81.692719399999987217597663402557373046875,"thumbnail":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/files/square_thumbnails/d098a0387eb07442e8bb2e0b0e3ad434.jpg","fullsize":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/files/fullsize/d098a0387eb07442e8bb2e0b0e3ad434.jpg","subtitle":"Arnold W. Brunner's Parisian Vision","address":"201 Superior Ave, Cleveland, OH","custom":{"subtitle":null,"text":null}},{"id":310,"title":"Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland","latitude":41.50185479999999671463228878565132617950439453125,"longitude":-81.69052940000000262443791143596172332763671875,"thumbnail":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/files/square_thumbnails/1b5891bb9cd35251f6e9010a9e771baf.jpg","fullsize":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/files/fullsize/1b5891bb9cd35251f6e9010a9e771baf.jpg","subtitle":"A Pink Marble Palazzo for Money","address":"1455 E 6th St, Cleveland, OH","custom":{"subtitle":null,"text":null}},{"id":788,"title":"Cleveland Public Library","latitude":41.50099380000000337531673721969127655029296875,"longitude":-81.69183340000000725922291167080402374267578125,"thumbnail":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/files/square_thumbnails/0e7c93e6061d9f733f0cc0d657eafde7.jpg","fullsize":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/files/fullsize/0e7c93e6061d9f733f0cc0d657eafde7.jpg","subtitle":"\"The People's University\"","address":"325 Superior Ave, Cleveland, OH","custom":{"subtitle":null,"text":null}},{"id":625,"title":"Public Auditorium","latitude":41.50338036517199924446686054579913616180419921875,"longitude":-81.69315576553299251827411353588104248046875,"thumbnail":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/files/square_thumbnails/ed95383e049d31e56436fba0f557451b.jpg","fullsize":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/files/fullsize/ed95383e049d31e56436fba0f557451b.jpg","subtitle":"The Rise, Fall and Revival of a Pathbreaking Convention Center","address":"500 Lakeside Ave E, Cleveland, OH","custom":{"subtitle":null,"text":null}},{"id":303,"title":"Cleveland Board of Education Building","latitude":41.502284000000003061359166167676448822021484375,"longitude":-81.69181389999999964857124723494052886962890625,"thumbnail":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/files/square_thumbnails/d233545fae7eff5f4cb358604b9c6a61.jpg","fullsize":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/files/fullsize/d233545fae7eff5f4cb358604b9c6a61.jpg","subtitle":null,"address":"1380 E 6th St, Cleveland, OH","custom":{"subtitle":null,"text":null}},{"id":807,"title":"Global Center for Health Innovation","latitude":41.502118899999999257488525472581386566162109375,"longitude":-81.69494850000000951695255935192108154296875,"thumbnail":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/files/square_thumbnails/a146bbf9b92ad3f7b9ac9c9edf1a710a.jpg","fullsize":"https://clevelandhistorical.org/files/fullsize/a146bbf9b92ad3f7b9ac9c9edf1a710a.jpg","subtitle":null,"address":"1 St. Clair Ave NE, Cleveland, OH 44114","custom":{"subtitle":null,"text":null}}]}